ABSTRACT: The dairy farming in the region Araçatuba, São Paulo State, has undergone modifications _ high demand due to the increasing purchasing power, resulting in increased sales volume for Agricultural Production Units - UPAs producing milk, competition for land with sugarcane agribusiness, the shortage of specialized labor and low prices. Technologies that increase productivity decrease the effect of climatic seasonality in supply and other advances are alternatives. In this context arises the problem of sustainability of production systems. To deepen the understanding of its complexity, determine indicators and generate strategies for UPAS, this paper uses the method of diagnosis of five capitals integrated method of emergy analysis. The sustainability of productive activities depends on the management capacity of the UPA that is the function of the capital stock of human, social, physical, financial and natural. The emergy analysis considers the systemic relations between its components and the fIow of mass and energy and quantifies the contribution of natural resources and inputs of the economy on the same basis equivalent to solar energy emjoules. The results show the main strengths of the UPA, concentrated on natural and human capital and financial capital in weakness. The emergy indices UPA "Alto da Araúna" when compared with literature data show low sustainability. The Transformity indicated that the emerging solar energy required  to obtain a unit of product was 4.74E+0.5 sej.J^-1ha^-1.year^-1, mean of six years, considering the product unit as the sum milk and meat. The Production Ratio Emergy calculated (EYR mean 1.18) shows that the quantity of emerging from nature (renewable and nonrenewable) incorporated in the production (milk and animals) is practically zero when compared to the total emergy used therefore is low free nature of the contribution The Emergy Investment Ratio (EIR mean 5.73) shows a high investment of the company to produce milk. The Environmental Load Ratio (ELR mean 5.9) shows high degradation (stress). Reason Not Renewable/Renewable (N/R mean 5.8) indicates that the soil conservation practices (100.% of its land area is protected contour) has allowed earned this indicator. The index Renewability (%R mean 14.83%) shows low sustainability of the system, given the low proportion of the emerging use of renewable natural resources in relation to emergy contained in the product. Sustainability Index (ESI mean 0.20.) indicates a low potential contribution of a system (EYR) per unit (ELR), imposed on the occupied area, is near zero. Finally, the Total Emergy used per hectare/year (Y mean 1.86E+16 seJ-ha-1yea(1) is in the same range of magnitude of UPAs literature. The conclusion is the need for radical changes, aimed at improving the negative indexes, such as the adaption of organic methods of production, deployment, integration of farming with livestock, or adoption of forestry system, to improve the sustainability indicators.

Infrared thermography (IRT) is an alternative, non invasive method, which has been studied as a tool in the identification of several physiological and pathological processes related to changes in body temperature. In the first experiment In order to map the temperature of the body surface area of Jersey breed of dairy cattle to be used as a standard temperature more related to rectal temperature, aiding in comparisons of treatments in studies of diet and nutrition, an experiment was conducted in 35 days Experimental Farm of the APTA of Ribeirão Preto-SP, using 24 heifers breed Jersey. Measurements were performed in all animals, starting with the physiological parameters: respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature. And made the collections of thermographic pictures of the whole body on the left and right eye and left leg on the cranial and dorsal. And analyzing the images in the computer program InsideIR TM version 4.0. The second experiment was conducted with 24 Jersey heifers (average body weight of 227 kg), in a replicated latin square design, with repeated measures in time, with the following treatments: 30, 50 and 70% forage (corn silage) in relation to the diet dry matter (DM). Feeding consisted of a total mixture ration offered (3% of body weight) from 08:00 to 14:00. Each collection period (four days) was preceded by 7 days of diet adaptation. The thermography images (right and left flank and eyes, feet and forehead), heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were obtained every two hours, from 06:00 to 18:00h. The first experiment was conducted to map the body temperatures obtained by infrared thermography (IRF). There was no significant correlation and linear regression between the rectal temperature and the variables of TIV. In the second experiment the 50% treatment had higher DMI (6,50, 7,24 and 5,95 kg for 30, 50 and 70, P ˂ 0,0001); and NDF intake (2,88, 3,51 and 3,45, P<0,0001, for 30, 50 and 70%). The pH was not influenced by the by the diets. The ammonia concentration was influenced by diets (26,93, 20,92 and 11,63 μmol/ m) for 30, 50 and 70%, P= 0,0001. The butyric acid had significant linear effect (P=0,0467). Temperature values of the thermography images of the right flank were 29.95, 30.11 and 29.89 ° C, foot (31,03, 31,52 and 31,3 °C, P=0,0559) and left eye maximum (37,82, 37,98 and 37,99 °C, P=0,0160), in the 30, 50 and 70% treatments. Others variables did not differ between treatments. Although the difference between treatments were of small magnitude, the use of thermographic images enabled to detect a temperature increase associated with higher dietary fiber intake.

Keywords: NDF intake, rectal temperature, ruminant, thermography images